MOOC and NEET? Innovative paths towards the social and economic inclusion of vulnerable young people
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1825-8670/11593Keywords:
systematic review, social inclusion, distance education, marginality, sustainabilityAbstract
This paper shows the state of the art regarding the possibilities of intervention for the economic and social inclusion of young people Not engaged in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET) through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) in the countries of the European Union, in order to identify and compare good practices and didactic models aimed to contrast the social and economic vulnerabilities of young people. The systematic review, carried out on both generalist and more properly educational databases, has revealed the poor relationship between the two topics in literature, each one moreover only recently made the subject of articulated research. The field of study is therefore open and invites further reflection on its possible developments. Matching NEETs’ needs and business companies’ requirements, students’ motivation during the learning path, keeping balance between e-learning and face-to-face lectures, tutors’ involvement along the course, and relationships with stakeholders remain the main issues identified in the various papers reviewed.
References
Acosta, S. E., & Otero, E. J. J. (2014). Comparisons of Young People’s Educational Aspirations on MOOC. Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: G - Linguistics & Education, 14(8).
Agnoli, M. S. (a cura di) (2014). Generazioni sospese Percorsi di ricerca sui giovani Neet. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Albertini, M., & Kohli, M. (2013). The generational contract in the family: An analysis of transfer regimes in Europe. European Sociological Review, 29(4), 828-840.
Alfieri, S., & Sironi, E. (a cura di) (2017). Una Generazione In Panchina: Da NEET a risorsa per il paese. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.
Anpal Servizi (2018). I NEET in Italia, la distanza dal mercato del lavoro ed il rapporto con i Servizi Pubblici per l’Impiego. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://www.anpalservizi.it/documents/20181/82980/NS+1+-+I+Neet+in+Italia_Def.pdf/2d5b70df-a95d-4123-b6ba-f5acc10379f5.
Banzato, S. (2012). Saggio introduttivo Open Learning. Il caso dei MOOC tra luci e ombre. Formazione & Insegnamento, X(3), 11-33.
Bauman, Z. (2002). Voglia di comunità. Roma-Bari: Laterza. (Original work published 2001).
Bauman, Z. (2013). Danni collaterali. Diseguaglianze sociali nell’età globale. Roma-Bari: Laterza. (Original work published 2011).
Beck, U. (2008). Costruire la propria vita. Quanto costa la realizzazione di sé nella società del rischio. Bologna: il Mulino. (Original work published 1997).
Benasayag, M., & Schmit, G. (2004). L’epoca delle passioni tristi. Milano: Feltrinelli. (Original work published 2003).
Boscolo, P. (2012). La fatica e il piacere di imparare. Psicologia della motivazione scolastica. Novara: UTET.
Busnelli, F. R. (2014). L’impegno del Volontariato e del Terzo settore in campo educativo. Orientamenti Pedagogici. Rivista Internazionale di scienze dell’educazione, 61(357), 541-555.
Cambi, F. (2006). Abitare il disincanto. Torino: Utet.
Castaño-Muñoz, J., Kreijns, K., Kalz, M., & Punie, Y. (2017). Does digital competence and occupational setting influence MOOC participation? Evidence from a cross-course survey. Journal of Computing in Higher Education volume, 29, 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9123-z
Chianese, G. (2019). La costruzione dell’identità professionale. In M. Cornacchia, & S. Tramma (a cura di), Vulnerabilità in età adulta. Uno sguardo pedagogico (pp. 119-134). Roma: Carocci.
Cozzolino, M. (a cura di) (2014). Motivazione allo studio e dispersione scolastica. Come realizzare interventi efficaci nella scuola. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Dato, D. (2019). Nativi precari. Esistenze fragili tra rischi e opportunità. In M. Cornacchia, & S. Tramma (a cura di), Vulnerabilità in età adulta. Uno sguardo pedagogico (pp. 103-118). Roma: Carocci.
Deakin Crick, R., Coates, M., Taylor, M., & Ritchie, S. (2004). A systematic review of the impact of citizenship education on the provision of schooling. Research Evidence in Education Library. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/PDF%20reviews%20and%20summaries/cit_rv1.pdf?ver=2006-03-02-124739-170.
Eurofound (2012). NEETs — Young people not in employment, education or training: characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurofound (2016). Exploring the diversity of NEETs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1602en.pdf.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2012). NEETs, young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurostat (2020). Statistics on young people neither in employment nor in education or training. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Statistics_on_young_people_neither_in_employment_nor_in_education_or_training.
Fergusson, R., Pye, D., Esland, G., McLaughlin, E., & Muncie, J. (2000). Normalized dislocation and new subjectivities in post-16 markets for education and work. Critical Social Policy - CRIT SOC POLICY, 20(3), 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/026101830002000302
Frabboni, F. (2013). Le vie della formazione. Scuola e sfide educative nella società del cambiamento. Trento: Erickson.
Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2014). Students’ and instructors’ use of massive open online courses (MOOCs): Motivations and challenges. Educational Research Review, 12, 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2014.05.001
Jansen, D., & Schuwer, R. (2015). Institutional MOOC strategies in Europe status report based on a mapping survey conducted in October-December 2014. The Netherlands: EADTU.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2016). Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster. Business Horizons, 59(4), 441-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.03.008
Laffi, S. (2014). La congiura contro i giovani. Crisi degli adulti e riscatto delle nuove generazioni. Milano: Feltrinelli.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2015). PRISMA statement per il reporting di revisioni sistematiche e meta-analisi degli studi che valutano gli interventi sanitari: spiegazione ed elaborazione. Evidence, 7(6).
Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., & Williams, S. A. (2013). MOOCs: A Systematic Study of the Published Literature 2008-2012. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 14(3), 202-227. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1455
Mawn, L., Oliver, E. J., Akhter, N., Bambra, C. L., Torgerson, C., Bridle, C., & Stain, H. J. (2017). Are we failing young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of re-engagement interventions. Systematic reviews, 6(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0394-2
McAuley, A., Stewart, B., Siemens, G., & Cormier, D. (2010). The MOOC Model for Digital Practice. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://www.oerknowledgecloud.org/archive/MOOC_Final.pdf.
Montù, V. (2011). La costruzione di una systematic review sulla ricerca con i bambini. Formazione & Insegnamento, 9(1), 211-218.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2012). Creare capacità. Liberarsi dalla dittatura del Pil. Bologna: il Mulino. (Original work published 2011).
O’Higgins, N. (2012). This Time It’s Different? Youth Labour Market During the Great Recession. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6434. Bonn: IZA. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 http://ftp.iza.org/dp6434.pdf.
Oliver, E. J., Mawn, L., Stain, H. J., Bambra, C., Torgerson, C. J., Oliver, A., & Bridle, C. (2014). Should we ‘hug a hoodie’? Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions with young people not in employment, education or training (so-called NEETs). Systematic Reviews, 3.
Onah, D., Sinclair, J., & Boyatt, R. (2014). Dropout Rates of Massive Open Online Courses: Behavioural Patterns. In L. Gómez Chova, A. López Martínez, & I. Candel Torres (Eds.), EDULEARN14 Proceedings. 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. Barcelona (Spain), 7th-9th of July, 2014 (pp. 5825-5834). doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2402.0009.
Piccolo, C. (2018). Generazione Neet: questione complessa o etichetta vuota? Tesi dottorale, Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze Sociali: Interazioni, Comunicazione, Costruzioni Culturali, Ciclo: XXIX, Università degli Studi di Padova. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/11117/.
Quintini, G. (2011). Over-Qualified or Under-Skilled: a Review of Existing Literature. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working. Paper No. 121. https://doi.org/10.1787/5kg58j9d7b6d-en
Quintini, G., Martin, J. P., & Martin, S. (2007). The Changing Nature of the School-toWork Transition Process in OECD Countries. IZA Discussion Paper No. 2582. Bonn: IZA. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/38187773.pdf.
Ranci, C. (2010). Social Vulnerability in Europe. The new configuration of social risks. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reich, J., & Ruipérez-Valiente, J. A. (2019). The MOOC pivot. Science, 363(6423), 130-131. doi: 10.1126/science.aav7958.
Rosolia, A., & Torrini, R. (2007). The Generation Gap. An Analysis of the Decline of Relative Wages of Young Italian Males. Temi di Discussione (Working Papers) Number 639. Roma: Bank of Italy.
Ruggeri, S. (2015). Uno sguardo al mondo dei NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training). ReSed, 3, 101-136.
Schwartz, B. (1995). Modernizzare senza escludere. Un progetto di formazione contro l’emarginazione sociale e professionale. Roma: Anicia. (Original work published 1994).
Sen, A. (2000). Lo sviluppo è libertà. Perché non c’è crescita senza democrazia. Milano: Mondadori. (Original work published 1999).
Stanwick, J., Forrest, C., & Skujins, P. (2017). Who are the persistently NEET young people? Literature overview support document. Adelaide: NCVER.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004). New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UN (United Nations) (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda.
UNICEF (2020). Il silenzio dei NEET. Giovani in bilico tra rinuncia e desiderio. Consultato il 23 giugno 2021 https://www.datocms-assets.com/30196/1602080449-ilsilenziodeineet.pdf.
Veletsianos, G., & Shepherdson, P. (2016). A Systematic Analysis and Synthesis of the Empirical MOOC Literature Published in 2013-2015. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 198-221. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i2.2448
Yousef, A. M. F., Chatti, M. A., Schroeder, U., Wosnitza, M., & Jakobs, H. (2015). The State of MOOCs from 2008 to 2014: A Critical Analysis and Future Visions. In S. Zvacek, M. T. Restivo, J. Uhomoibhi, & M. Helfert (Eds.), Computer Supported Education (pp. 305–327). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Zizioli, E. (2014). Educare oggi tra rischi e opportunità. In M. Camerucci (a cura di), Bisogni educativi emergenti: ridefinire un percorso (pp. 159-208). Perugia: Morlacchi.
Zoletto, D. (2019). A partire dai punti di forza. Popular culture, eterogeneità, educazione. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Zhu, M., Sari, A., & Bonk, C. (2018). A Systematic Review of MOOC Research Methods and Topics: Comparing 2014-2016 and 2016-2017. In T. Bastiaens, J. Van Braak, M. Brown, L. Cantoni, M. Castro, R. Christensen, G. Davidson-Shivers, K. DePryck, M. Ebner, M. Fominykh, C. Fulford, S. Hatzipanagos, G. Knezek, K. Kreijns, G. Marks, E. Sointu, E. Korsgaard Sorensen, J. Viteli, J. Voogt, P. Weber, E. Weippl, & O. Zawacki-Richter (Eds.), Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovative Learning. World Conference on Educational Media and Technology (pp. 1673-1682). Amsterdam: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Francesco Agrusti, Raffaella Leproni, Fabio Olivieri, Lisa Stillo, Elena Zizioli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.